Sources: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6W5R-4P9K8SM-1&_user=691352&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000038698
version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=691352&md5=a2632850fc6d3532bc9710e5195fdd35
http://hhs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/16/4/1
version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=691352&md5=a2632850fc6d3532bc9710e5195fdd35
http://hhs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/16/4/1
2) Method: Method is a manner or technique of doing something, for example, solving problems, playing games, playing billiard, driving a car... Method is not synonymous with what is usually called the scientific method. To be scientific is but a possible modalization of what it is to be a method. Method is something more radical; it is the way of access. The concept of way or path, hodos, was probably introduced into philosophy by Parmenides. But for method, just being a way or a path is not sufficient. It is necessary that the path be among and through the forms of reality. Method is a problem because it is not indubitable determined.
Methodology: Methodology can be defined as the analysis of the principles of methods or rules used by a disipline. In other words, methodology includes the methods, techniques used to collect and analyze information. Methodology is the method you used to do something. Say for example you had to do a research project as a college assignment, you would plan out what you were going to do then do it then analyse your data and write up your results. Methodology includes the following concepts as they relate to a particular discipline: 1) a collection of theories, concepts or ideas; 2) comparative study of different approaches; and 3) critique of the individual methods.
Sources:http://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=method
Methodology: Methodology can be defined as the analysis of the principles of methods or rules used by a disipline. In other words, methodology includes the methods, techniques used to collect and analyze information. Methodology is the method you used to do something. Say for example you had to do a research project as a college assignment, you would plan out what you were going to do then do it then analyse your data and write up your results. Methodology includes the following concepts as they relate to a particular discipline: 1) a collection of theories, concepts or ideas; 2) comparative study of different approaches; and 3) critique of the individual methods.
Sources:http://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=method
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Method_(film)www.srh.weather.gov/jetstream/append/glossary_a.htm
www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi
www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi
3) Theory: Theory is the body of rules, ideas, principles, and techniques which applies to a specific subject. Theories can include facts and laws and tested hypotheses. Moreover, theory has many different meanings depending on their methodologies. Theory is generally used for a mathematicla framework in physics.
Hypothesis: Hypothesis is a suggestion intended to explain certain facts or observations. Scientific hypothesis is a scientific idea about how something works, before the idea has been tested. Scientific hypothesis should include several properties such as testability, simplicity, scope - the apparent application of the hypothesis to multiple cases of phenomena, fruitfulness - the prospect that a hypothesis may explain further phenomena in the future, conservatism - the degree of "fit" with existing recognized knowledge-systems.
Paradigm: 1.A paradigm is a pattern or example. 2.A paradigm refers to the world view through which the world around us is interpreted. They are constructed through the process of building knowledge and the world view and assumptions about truth which emerge from this process. Different types of paradigms can exist. For example, cultural paradigms, individual paradigms
4) Strategy: A strategy is a long-term plan in order to achieve a goal. Moreover it is the bridge between high-order goals on the one hand and tactics on the other. In short, strategy is a term that refers to a complex web of thoughts, ideas, insights, experiences, goals, expertise, memories, perceptions. I want to mention about espeacially business strategy. Business strategy is about direction, scope, advantage, resources, environment, stakeholders. Strategy has different levels of a business such as corporate strategy, business unit strategy, operational strategy. Moreover, strategic management is about taking strategic decisions. Strategic management process has three main parts: strategic analysis, strategic choice which includes identifying strategic options and evaluating and selecting strategic options, and strategy implementation which is a hardest part and translates strategy into organisational action.
Plan: A plan is an idea for doing or achieving something in the future. Structured and formal plans, which is used by many people, are more likely to occur in projects, diplomacy, careers, economic, development, military campaigns, combat, or in the conduct of other business. A planning is organizing a series of actions to achieve a specified outcome. Planning is used many places in government. For example, urban planning, transportation planning... There are many types of plan. Hovewer these types are dependent of one another. For example, there is a close relationship between the short and long-term categories. The most popular ways in order to describe plans are breadth, time frame, and specificity. Some examples of plans are marketing plan, business plan, battle plan, site planning. Two of them is very important for us: business plan and market plan.
Control: A definition of control is power and ability to make something do what you want. According to Henry Fayol, control of an undertaking consists of seeing that everything is being carried out in accordance with the plan which has been adopted, the orders which have been given, and the principles which have been laid down. Its object is to point out mistakes in order that they may be rectified and prevented from recurring. There are many characteristics of control. Some of them are continuous process, management process, embedded in each level of organisational hierarchy, forward looking, closely linked with planning. Control system involves four basic elements: the characteristic or condition to be controlled, the sensor, the comparator, and the activator.
5) Model: There are various definitions of model. A theoretical meaning of model is a hypothetical description of a complex entity or process. Several types of model exist. For example, causal model, mathematical model, computer model, scientific modelling, molecular modelling, geologic modelling, morphological modelling, business model etc. The most important of these is business model. We could define a business model as a simplified description of how a company does business without having to go into the complex details of all its strategy, processes, units, rules, hierarchies, workflows, and systems.
Snowball effect: Snowball effect is a term for a process that starts from an initial state of small significance and builds upon itself, becoming larger and perhaps potentially dangerous or disastrous. The common similarity is with rolling of a small ball, as it rolls, the ball pick up more snow, gain more mass and pick up even more snow as it rolls along.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowball_effect/Snowball_effect
Waterfall diagram: A waterfall diagram shows the linear flow of steps in a progressive nature. The below graphs are some examples of waterfall diagram.
Waterfall diagram: A waterfall diagram shows the linear flow of steps in a progressive nature. The below graphs are some examples of waterfall diagram.
6) Validation/Validity: Validation is the process of assessing the validity of a theory, argument or statistical result. This usually involves an independent check of the reported results, preferably including investigation of the same topic from a different angle. Validation is the process of determining that the project is eligible to be registered, by confirming that the project meets the requirements.
http://www.climatechange.be/jicdmtender/article.php3?id_article=7#v
http://www.case.edu/med/epidbio/mphp439/Dictionary.htm
http://www.case.edu/med/epidbio/mphp439/Dictionary.htm
Significance: In English dictionary, significant means important, while in Statistics significant means probably true (not due to chance). A research finding may be true without being important. When statisticians say a result is highly significant they mean it is very probably true. They do not mean it is highly important. Significance levels show you how likely a result is due to chance. The most common level is .95. This means that the finding has a 95% chance of being true. To find the significance level, subtract the number shown from one. For example, a value of ".01" means that there is a 99% (1-.01=.99) chance of it being true. In summary, in statistical terms, significant does not necessarily mean important. Too many significance tests will turn up some falsely significant relationships. Check your sampling procedure to avoid bias. These are important statistical significance rules.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_significance
Reliability: Reliability has to do with the quality of measurement. In its everyday sense, reliability is the repeatability of your measures. Before I can define reliability precisely, I have to lay the groundwork. First, you have to learn about the foundation of reliability, the true score theory of measurement. Along with that, you need to understand the different types of measurement error because errors in measures play a key role in degrading reliability. You will find out that we cannot calculate reliability, we can only estimate it. Because of this, there are variety of different types of reliability that each have multiple ways to estimate reliability for that type. In the end, it's important to integrate the idea of reliability with the other major criteria for the quality of measurement, validity and develop an understanding of the relationships between reliability and validity in measurement. Moreover, in engineering, reliability is the ability of a system or ingredient to perform its required functions under stated conditions for a specified period of time. It is often reported in terms of a probability. Evaluations of reliability involve the use of many statistical tools.
Reliability: Reliability has to do with the quality of measurement. In its everyday sense, reliability is the repeatability of your measures. Before I can define reliability precisely, I have to lay the groundwork. First, you have to learn about the foundation of reliability, the true score theory of measurement. Along with that, you need to understand the different types of measurement error because errors in measures play a key role in degrading reliability. You will find out that we cannot calculate reliability, we can only estimate it. Because of this, there are variety of different types of reliability that each have multiple ways to estimate reliability for that type. In the end, it's important to integrate the idea of reliability with the other major criteria for the quality of measurement, validity and develop an understanding of the relationships between reliability and validity in measurement. Moreover, in engineering, reliability is the ability of a system or ingredient to perform its required functions under stated conditions for a specified period of time. It is often reported in terms of a probability. Evaluations of reliability involve the use of many statistical tools.
Relevance/relevant: A subjective measure of how well a document satisfies the user's information need. Ideally, your search tool should retrieve all of the documents relevant to your search. However, this is subjective and difficult to quantify. Relevancy Algorithm: The method used by search engines and directories to match the keywords in a query with the content of all the Web pages in their database so the Web pages found can be suitably ranked in the query results. Each search engine and directory uses a different algorithm and frequently changes this formula to improve relevancy.
7) Event: A dictionary meaning of an event is an occurence that is something that happens at a given place and time. In general meaning, event has several meanings such as musical event, sports competition, event in probability theory, event chain methodology, birthday party, brain event, mental event... Especially, I will mention about event chain methodology. Event chain methodology is an uncertainty modeling and schedule network analysis technique that is focused on identifying and managing events and event chains that affect project schedules. Event chain methodology helps to mitigate the negative impact of psychological heuristics and biases, as well as to allow for easy modeling of uncertainties in the project schedules. Event chain principles are moment of risk and state of activity, Monte Carlo simulations, history matching and relevance analysis, event chain diagrams, event chains, critical event chains, performance tracking with event chains, repeated activities, resource allocation based on events.
http://www.intaver.com/Articles/RP_Art_EventChainMethodology2.html
Process: A process is a naturally occurring or designed sequence of changes of properties. There are several processes. Some of them are anatomy process, computing process, engineering process, philosophy process, biological process, chemical process, thermodynamic process, business process, industrial process. Process analysis is an approach that helps managers improve the performance of their business activities. It can be a milestone in continuous improvement. At UCF, our analysis approach consists of the following steps: (1) definition of the scope and the objectives of the study, (2) documentation of the status quo and definition of performance measures, (3) assessment and performance evaluation, and (4) development of recommendations.
Process: A process is a naturally occurring or designed sequence of changes of properties. There are several processes. Some of them are anatomy process, computing process, engineering process, philosophy process, biological process, chemical process, thermodynamic process, business process, industrial process. Process analysis is an approach that helps managers improve the performance of their business activities. It can be a milestone in continuous improvement. At UCF, our analysis approach consists of the following steps: (1) definition of the scope and the objectives of the study, (2) documentation of the status quo and definition of performance measures, (3) assessment and performance evaluation, and (4) development of recommendations.
Life cycle: Every activity that a business performs has an impact on a social, economic and environmental level. Often these impacts are not obvious or immediate, there are hidden or indirect. They only appear when you take a step back and examine the complete life cycle of your products and services. A life cycle is made up of all the activities that go into making, selling, using, transporting and disposing of a product or service - from initial design. Life Cycle Management (LCM) has been developed as a business approach for managing the total life cycle of products and services. By learning how to more effectively manage this cycle, a company or organisation can uncover a wealth of business, environmental and social value. Life Cycle Management is a framework for business planning and management that helps business to:
1)Analyse and understand the life cycle stages of the business, product or service;
2)Identify the potential economic, social, or environmental risks and opportunities at each stage; 3)Establish proactive systems to pursue the opportunities and manage or minimise the risks.
1)Analyse and understand the life cycle stages of the business, product or service;
2)Identify the potential economic, social, or environmental risks and opportunities at each stage; 3)Establish proactive systems to pursue the opportunities and manage or minimise the risks.
Sources: http://www.netregs.gov.uk/netregs/275207/1933707/1933711/?version=1&lang=_e
http://www.ec.gc.ca/ecocycle/en/whatislcm.cfm
http://www.ec.gc.ca/ecocycle/en/whatislcm.cfm
8) Iterative: Iterative method is a method of developing and improvement of different software’s in phases at different times and rates, which are integrated when completed. This was presented after the failure of the water fall model. The result of an iterative method is called an iterative. Iterative development is an approach to building software in which the overall lifecycle is composed of several iterations in sequence. Each iteration is a self-contained mini-project composed of activities such as requirements analysis, design, programming, and test. The goal for the end of an iteration is an iteration release, a stable, integrated and tested partially complete system. Most iteration releases are internal, a baseline primarily for the benefit of the development team—they are not released externally. The final iteration release is the complete product, released to the market or clients.
Sequential: Following in sequence; related to or based on a method of testing a statistical hypothesis that involves examination of a sequence of samples for each of which the decision is made to accecpt or reject the hypothesis or to continue sampling. Some of today's developers think that waterfall development model is dead. However, it isn't dead. Experience shows that many companies still follow some variation of a sequential development model, of which the waterfall model is the origin. A sequential development model is one where development activities follow each other in a forward sequence.
9) Data collection: Data collection is simply how information is gathered. There are various methods of data collection such as personal interviewing, telephone, mail and the Internet. Depending on the survey design, these methods can be used separately or combined. Data collection includes both the collection of the numbers and objective analysis of the data. There are five data collection steps. 1) Clearly define the goals and objectives of the data collection. 2)Reach understanding and agreement on operational definitions and methodology for the data collection plan. 3) Ensure data collection (and measurement) repeatability, reproducibility, accuracy, and stability. 4) Follow through with the data collection process. 5) Follow through with the results.
Observation: Observation research is the systematic process of recording the behavioral patterns of people, objects and occurrences without questioning or communicating with them.
In qualitative research, a hypothesis is not needed to begin research. However, all quantitative research requires a hypothesis before research can begin. Although often costly and time-consuming, observation methods help to avoid the problems of relying solely on self-report measures. Some of the advantages of observation research are what they do rather than what they say, not self reporting behavior, not relying on memory or willingness, real-time research - at time of occurrence, avoiding bias.
In qualitative research, a hypothesis is not needed to begin research. However, all quantitative research requires a hypothesis before research can begin. Although often costly and time-consuming, observation methods help to avoid the problems of relying solely on self-report measures. Some of the advantages of observation research are what they do rather than what they say, not self reporting behavior, not relying on memory or willingness, real-time research - at time of occurrence, avoiding bias.
Sources: srmdc.net/glossary.htm
Abstraction: Abstraction is the process of hiding the details and exposing only the essential features of a particular concept or object. Computer scientists use abstraction to understand and solve problems and communicate their solutions with the computer in some particular computer language. In art, abstract means to draw away from, to separate, not to refer to something particular anymore. A movement of conscious and methodical destruction of particular and recognizable in appearance.
Awareness: Awareness implies vigilance in observing some thing or experience and alertness in drawing inferences from what one observes. Awareness in a personal development sense is a consciousness of who you are being and the impact that you are having on others. Heighten your awareness by imagining a small creature on your shoulder who watches over what you think and what you do and whispers what he observes in your ear.
Sources: miriams-well.org/Glossary/index.html
Correlate between my photos and these terms: Before I took these photos, I searched the kitch concept because I have no idea for the 'kitch' word. After I learned the kitch concept, I collected data by using observation method. For this reason, I took a lot of photos. Then, I compared this photos with each other and I chose two photos of them, beautiful and kitch photos. For beautiful, I chose flowers and for kitch, I chose entrance of aerospace engineering because it is ugly copy of real control tower.
